Explore the nature of false memories and discuss how they can impact our lives. - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2810 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Psychology Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? There is a consensus among researchers that human memory is prone to distortions. The study of false memories addresses this phenomenon, examining individuals recollection of past events. This paper aims to discuss the nature of false memories and what effect they may have on our lives. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Explore the nature of false memories and discuss how they can impact our lives." essay for you Create order In particular, this essay focuses on how false memories can be elicited in experimental or other settings, how research in false memories has improved our understanding of the cognitive effects of trauma, and how memory distortions can be elicited also among healthy people. The overall application of false memory research findings will be discussed along with the limitations of this line of research. The nature of false memories Smeets, Merckelbach, Horselenberg, and Jelicic (2005: 918) define false autobiographical memories as recollections of events that never happened or that are recalled very differently from how they actually happened. Researchers have attempted to examine those erroneous recollections using a variety of techniques including imagination inflation, personalized suggestions and drawing on real life situations (Smeets et al. 2005). The most widely discussed implications of this research involve eyewitness reports and individuals memory of traumatic experiences (e.g. Brennen, Dybdahl, Kapidzic ´ 2007). Researchers have employed various research methods to address those phenomena including interviewing, Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) lists DRM lists and diverse experimental designs. Research consistently shows that individuals are prone to over-remember trauma, although these memories are open to change (Brennen et al. 2007; Engelhard, van den Hout, McNally, 2008; Giosan, Malta, J ayasinghe, Spielman, Difede 2009; Strange Takarangi, 2012; 2015). Strange and Takarangi (2012; 2015) used an experimental research design to examine individuals recollection of traumatic events using a United Kingdom public service announcement film against texting while driving that depicted a fatal car accident for five people including a baby. The researchers manipulated the experimental conditions by identifying all events being depicted in the film and then removing a number of short clips. Participants were asked to watch the film and then returned 24-hours later for a recognition test showing them 18 new and old short clips. Their findings reveal that 95% of the participants identified correctly which clips they had originally watched or not but they also claimed that they had watched 26% of the missing clips. A significant finding was also the fact that participants were more likely to exhibit memory distortions regarding the prime traumatic events depicted in the film rat her than peripheral ones. Strange Takarangi (2015) following a similar methodology investigated individuals erroneous recollections separating their participants into four experimental conditions: Static (S), Static + Warning (SW), Static-Warning-Label (SWL) and Control (C). All participants watched the film and the control group received no indication regarding any missing footage, those in the Static (S) condition were shown static frame for those clips that were missing, those in the Static + Warning (SW) received a warning as well in the beginning of the film regarding the missing clips, those in the Static-Warning-Label (SWL) was also shown an additional label during the static frame of the missing footage. In the following day, just like their first study, participants were called for a surprise test that asked them to decide whether 18 short clips were part of the film they had watched or not. Their findings showed that participants overall identified correctly the clips tha t they had initially watch, while 27-39% also claimed that they had watched footage that was not included in the original film and participants remembered inaccurately more often central than peripheral events.   Further comparisons between the different experimental conditions suggest that memory distortions can be malleable as there was an improvement in the experimental conditions compared to the control group.. In particular, the visual static made no difference, warnings were more effective than the static condition, and the provision of both a label and a warning did not differentiate substantially from the plain static condition. The authors interpreted their findings based on various memory models (e.g. Fuzzy Trace Theory, Associative Activation Theory) that equally predict that most memory distortions would occur in relation to the most critical of the events that individuals experienced. The most common experimental design that is employed in false memories resea rch is the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm (DRM; Deese 1959; Roediger McDermott 1995). It involves lists of words, where each list is tailored around one word that is called critical lure and is not present in that list. Among healthy subjects, false recognition can reach up to 80% (Stadler, Roediger, McDermott 1999) and it is a method that has often been employed in order to examine false memories among Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) patients. Research findings have been often inconsistent (Bremmer, Shobe, Kihlstorm 2000; Zoellner, Foa, Brigidi, Prseworski 2000; Brennen et al. (2007) and Brennen et al. (2007) addressed those inconsistencies using an adaptation of the DRM method that include both neutral and war-related DRM lists in order to examine the false memories of a group of patients with PTSD and a group without PTSD but exposed to war trauma. Their findings reveal that PTSD patients mistakenly recalled more war-related words offering support to the argument tha t source-monitoring may be impaired among PTSD patients due to assumed links between PTSD and dissociation (Ehlers Clark 2000; Zoellner et al. 2000; Brennen et al. 2007). Jelinek, Hottenrott, Randjbar, and Moritz (2009) also investigated the production of false memories among 48 traumatized patients (20 full or partial PTSD patients and 28 non-PTSD patients) and a control group of healthy individuals (N=28) using a visual variant of the DRM method. In particular, they asked from their participants to watch four pictures (each one appearing for 40sec in a monitor) that depicted different scenes (classroom, beach, funeral, room surveillance) and then were asked to decide on a recognition test whether a list of 48 items were present in those pictures. Their analysis showed that PTSD participants showed a higher rate of false memories compared with traumatized and non-traumatized individuals but this difference was not statistically significant. Furthermore, PTSD participants did not e xhibit higher confidence in falsely remembering critical lures which is in accordance with Brennan et al. (2007) tentative evidence that such differences may be present only in relation to trauma-related critical lures. The impact of false memories in our lives The string of research that has addressed the effect that false memories can have in our lives has focused on the way in which individuals recollect past events and how this can influence their decisions and judgement in the present and future. Research consistently shows that people are susceptible to remember persistently events that may have never happened or recollect past events erroneously and even change their preferences based on those erroneous recollections. Loftus and Bernstein (2005: 101) define such rich false memory as the subjective feeling that one is experiencing a genuine recollection, replete with sensory details, and even expressed with confidence and emotion, even though the event never happened. Usually individuals will be presented with some piece of often misleading information about an event that will distort their memory about that event. This distortion can be manifested when the individuals memory gets tested. In daily life these distortions can be ge nerated by photographs or leading questions that can create the strong impression that someone has experienced one specific event in the past. For example, an adult may believe that he or she had visited a place as a kid after seeing a picture of the place. Such effects can even impact criminal cases or litigations. Anecdotal evidence has often documented such phenomena among eyewitnesses stories and in stories about alien abduction and satanic abuse. Such an example is the litigation brought by Patricia Burgus against her former psychiatrist Dr. Braun for malpractice according to which Dr. Braun has used repressed memory therapy, including hypnosis (Holdem 1998, p.6) which led to her holding the belief that she is the high priestess of a satanic cult. Medical and court records support that she held these beliefs but the lack of the controlled conditions of an experimental research design does not allow us to draw safe conclusions regarding her memory distortion. Crombag, Wagenaa r, van Koppen (1996) is a frequently cited study as it was able to show how a leading question can plant in ones memory a false suggestion regarding a traumatic event. The researchers questioned Dutch participants regarding their memories about a news story that took place 10 months earlier in 1992, when a plane that crashed into an apartment building in Amsterdam, killing the four crew members and 30 people that were inside the apartment at the time of the crash. The leading question that researchers posed to their participants was whether they had seen the television film of the moment the place hit the apartment building, as in reality such footage did not exist. If the participants replied positively then they were further questioned. Indeed, more than half of their participants (55%) answered that they had seen the fire and in a second study, this percentage was raised to 66% confirming the malleability of memories. Similar were the findings of another study that followed an a nalogous methodology (Ost, Vrij, Costall, Bull 2002) regarding the car crash in which Princess Dianna died and a 45% of a British sample claimed that had seen a film of the actual car crash.   Nourkova, Bernstein, and Loftus (2004) cite an earlier unpublished doctoral dissertation (Abhold 1995) that showed that experimentally manipulated misinformation can distort the memory for a witnessed life-and-death situation. Nourkova et al. (2004) examined the malleability of the memory in a sample of undergraduate students from the Moscow State University regarding the terrorist bombings in two apartments in Moscow in 1999 and the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. In particular, they attempted to plant the false memory of having witnessed a wounded animal in those critical events. Their findings showed that 12.5% of the participants that received the experimental manipulation regarding their memory of the Moscow bombings agreed that they had witnessed a wounded animal in the accounts of the bombings. The authors also found that for the misled participants, the critical event exhibited lower personal significance but higher historical significance. These findings suggest that traumatic memories are not immune to false memory even if individuals hold strong emotions about those events. However, the authors also highlight that false memory was successfully implanted only with regards to the Moscow bombings as the context of Moscow apartment made the scenario of witnessing a wounded animal more plausible which is in accordance with theoretical arguments regarding the processes involved in the creation of false memories (Mazzoni, Loftus, Kirsch 2001). These effects of false memories have also been confirmed in laboratory settings that have shown that it is possible to plant memories for events that can be impossible or even traumatic (Loftus Bernstein 2005)   utilizing suggestive methods (e.g. misinformation) and amplify them using imaginatio n exercises. Mazzoni and   Memon (2003) examined whether imagining an event can create false memories in a sample of 82 British students. In the process of the experiment, a group of participants imagined a relatively frequent event and received information about an impossible event, while another group imagined the same event that never occurs (Having a nurse remove a skin sample from my finger) and received information about a common event (Having a milk took extracted by a dentist before the age of 6). Furthermore, all participants completed three different versions of the Life Events Inventory (LEI) that rates participants likelihood of experiencing sets of events in their lives. Their findings showed that imagination was an adequate condition for the production of false memories irrespective of familiarity with the event. Several studies examined the consequences of false memories showing that they can impact on individuals judgements and food preferences. For example , Bernstein, Laney, Morris and Loftus (2005b) found planting a negative false memory about food (e.g. false feedback about getting sick at young age due to eating dill pickles or hard-boiled eggs) can make subsequently people show less interested into consuming those foods. In other research, (Bernstein et al. 2005a) the experimental conditions were manipulated to let people believe that as kids, they had been sick as a result of consuming strawberry ice cream or chocolate cookies. A change in participants food preferences was manifested among those participants who believed the false feedback regarding the ice-cream, as 40 % subsequently demonstrated less preference to consuming ice-cream. This finding, though, was not found among those that believed the false feedback regarding the chocolate cookies suggesting that other factors such as the novelty of a food can determine the consequences of false memories. These findings show that false memories not only can impact how we think o r feel about past experiences but they can also influence our future decisions altering our preferences and judgements. Conclusion Research in false memories has gained a lot of attention since the 90s as psychologists began to systematically examine their development as a means to fully understand memory distortions in healthy and traumatized individuals. Indeed, research has shown that those distortions can impact individuals decision about the present and the future and their persistence can be a great challenge especially during criminal investigations.   . However, false memory is a quite broad term that may often make it challenging to include all the types of memory illusions studied by cognitive psychology. For example, an argument that has been raised is whether the experimental procedures employed to test false memory actually increase individuals confidence to the planted memories, create false beliefs or false memories of those events (Wade, Sharman, Garry, Memon, Mazzoni, Merckelbach, Loftus 2007). However, understanding the nature of false memories can assist psychologists understand memor y illusions and use this knowledge to inform their practice with traumatized individuals. References Abhold, JJ 1995, The distortion of a distant and traumatic memory: Implications for eyewitness testimony and psychotherapy. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Arkansas. Bernstein, DM, Laney, C, Morris, EK, Loftus, EF 2005a, False beliefs about fattening foods can have healthy consequences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, vol. 102, pp. 13724à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"31. Bernstein, DM, Laney, C, Morris, E., Loftus, EF 2005b, False memories about food can lead to food avoidance, Social Cognition, vol. 23, pp. 11à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"14. Bernstein, DM, Loftus, EF 2009, The consequences of false memories for food preferences and choices, Perspectives on psychological science, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 135-9. Brennen, T, Dybdahl, R, Kapidzic, A 2007. Trauma-related and neutral false memories in war-induced Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Consciousness and Cognition, vol. 16, 877-85. Bremner, JD, Shobe, KK, Kihlstrom, JF 2000, False memories in women wit h self-reported childhood sexual abuse, Psychological Science, vol. 11, pp. 333à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"7. Cronmbag, HFM., Wagenaar, WA, van Koppen, PJ 1996, Crashing memories and the problem of source monitoring, Applied Cognitive Psychology, vol. 10, pp. 95-104 Deese, J 1959, On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall, Journal of Experimental Psychology, vol. 58, pp. 17à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"22. Ehlers, A, Clark, D 2000, A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder, Behaviour Research and Therapy, vol. 38, pp. 319à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"45. Engelhard, IM, van den Hout, M A, McNally, RJ 2008 Memory consistency for traumatic events in Dutch soldiers deployed to Iraq, Memory, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"9. Giosan, C, Malta, L, Jayasinghe, N, Spielman, L, Difede, J 2009, Relationships between memory inconsistency for traumatic events following 9/11 and PTSD in disaster restoration workers, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, vol. 23 , pp. 557à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"61. Holden, MW 1998, Settlement survey, Chicago Laywer, October, p.6. Loftus, E. F., Bernstein, DM 2005, Rich false memories: The royal road to success, In. A. F. Healy (Ed) Experimental Cognitive Psychology and its Applications. Washington DC: American Psychological Association Press, pp. 101-13. Mazzoni, GAL, Loftus, EF, Kirsch, I 2001, Changing beliefs about implausible autobiographical events: A little plausibility goes a long way, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, vol. 7, pp. 51-9. Jelinek, L, Hottenrott, B, Randjbar, S, Peters, MJ, Moritz, S 2009, Visual false memories in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry,vol. 40, pp. 374-83. Ost, J, Vrij, A, Costall, A, Bull, R 2002, Crashing memories and reality monitoring: Distinguishing between perception, imaginations and false memories, Applied Cognitive Psychology, vol. 16, pp. 125-34. Mazzoni, G, Menon, A 2003, Imagi nation can create false autobiographical memories, Psychological Science,vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 186-8. Nourkova, V, Bernstein, D Loftus, E 2004, Altering traumatic memory, Cognition and Emotion, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 575-85. Roediger, HL, McDermott, KB 1995, Creating false memories, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, vol. 21, pp. 803à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"14. Smeets, T, Merckelbach, H, Horselenberg, R, Jelicic, M 2005, Trying to recollect past events: Confidence, beliefs and memories, Clinical Psychology Review, vol. 25, pp. 917-34. Stadler, MA, Roediger, HL, McDermott, KB 1999, Norms for word lists that create false memories, Memory and Cognition, vol. 27, pp. 494à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"500. Strange, D Takarangi, MKT 2012, False memories for missing aspects of traumatic events, Acta Psychologica, vol. 141, pp. 322-6 Strange, D Takarangi, MKT 2015, Investigating the variability of memory distortion for an analogue trauma, Memory, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 991-1000. Wade. KA, Sharman, SJ, Garry, M, Memon, A, Mazzoni, G, Merckelbach, H, Loftus, EF 2007, False claims about false memory research, Consciousness and Cognition, vol. 16, pp. 18-28. Zoellner, LA, Foa, EB, Brigidi, BD, Przeworski, A 2000, Are trauma victims susceptible to false memories?, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, vol. 109, pp. 517à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"24.

The Christian Faith Since The Reformation Of Luther

Spener, like Luther, saw a need to reform what was there in the way of religious faiths. And like Luther, his intentions were not to remake the faith but to simply bring it back to where it belonged. Unlike the reformation of Luther, which failed to reform the Catholic Church and ended up splitting into the Protestant Church, Spener spent his time within the Protestant Church to reform the way people lived and thought. Arguably, the Pia Desidria that Spener wrote turned out to be the greatest paper to further the Christian faith since the Bible itself. Pietism is a movement that happened in the seventeenth and eighteenth century within Protestantism. By the end of the seventeenth century Protestantism had fallen away from its focus on Christ and a person’s walk with Him and had fully submersed itself in to religious dogma. The movement started with one man, Philip Spener, growing up with a strong religious background and the writings of Johann Arndt, Spener went to the Univers ity of Strassburg. While attending school at Strassburg, he was taught by professors that justification by faith was more than just a doctrine but a spiritual rebirth. After spending three years in a pastorate at Strassburg, Spener went to Frankfort. Upon his arrival, he was shocked by the conditions of the town and abandoned traditional doctrine and started preaching from the entire Bible. After he preached from the Sermon on the Mount in 1669, the response from the people was very surprising. PeopleShow MoreRelatedLuther and the Peasants Revolt1529 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Protestant Reformation was an attempt to purify the mid-16th century form of Christianity that had strayed from a past ideal. 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Jeepney Racing Free Essays

string(84) " unexpected and random events, and various outcomes and breadth winning conditions\." Most of the rules are chosen to reflect what the real-world consequences would be of each player action and decision. Abstract games cannot be completely divided from simulations and so games can be thought of as existing on a continuum of almost pure abstraction to almost pure simulation. [1] Technologies such as smart phones have always been a great entertainment and past time to man. We will write a custom essay sample on Jeepney Racing or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the beginning, cellular phones are used for communication such as making calls and messaging capabilities. As the time goes by, the innovation of cell phones added more PDA-like features and even computer like. The result was the smart phone. Mobile applications are becoming popular when it comes to features. There are many people who are into gaming on their mobile phones, because it is more portable than Personal Computers and Laptops. Mobile Applications now exist in smart phones. [2] There are lots of games genres available now in the market, and one of them is a strategy simulation game. It attempts to copy activities from real world in the form of a game for some purposes like tutorial, exercise, training, analysis or prediction. Jeep Racing is a Strategy simulation game that can be played in single or multi- player game. We will use some Metro manila landmarks for the background of the game. It will load and unload passengers in order to gain points but the player should follow the traffic rules and regulation. It will cause a deduction to the points if he commits any traffic violation. In multi-player game, the first player to finish the goal wins. Project Description According to the article of Nellie entitled Jeep: Blessing or Curse? He stated that jeep nowadays instead of being the blessing that it had been in the past 60 years, has become an archaic relic of the past, an invention that had its day, and should be encased in a museum of Philippine history. Due to lack of discipline and knowledge f and obedience to traffic rules and regulations and signs, it is the main cause of the horrible Metro Manila traffic. [4] The project introduces a game about how being discipline drivers and passengers would help each and every one of us. The player should follow all the Traffic Rules or else he/she will have a violation and deduction from his points. The player should also follow the maximum capacity of passenger. There will be a specific Jeep bay for loading and unloading of the passengers. Project Objectives: General objective To develop a strategy simulation game, multi-player and single-player for android hat foresees the possible effect of traffic when not following rules and regulation and at the same time inform the players the current traffic situation here in metro manila. Specific objective To provide information to the players about importance and meaning of traffic road signs by showing banners periodically. To inform the drivers and passenger on what are the possible effect of traffic in different situations. Target Audience The project’s target audience will be the passengers of the Jeep and those people who owned a public and private vehicle. Our target audience will be people king 17 and above. The group decided with the age of 17 and above, because these are the people who usually use Jeep as their transportation in school, works and etc. In these ages, the group can provide the importance and meaning of traffic road. Significance of the Study Due to traffic problems in the Philippines that becoming worst everyday especially when it’s rush hour, the group have decided to develop a game wherein the users would be able to identify some of the causes of traffic. The users would be able to realize how important being a discipline Filipino and how one Filipino can change meeting really big in his/her small action such as being a good follower to the traffic rules, regulations and signs. Jeep Racing was mainly created to provide information for drivers and passengers about the traffic rules and regulation. Users of this game will not only have fun playing but also be knowledgeable what to do in different situations when they are in the road. Scope and Limitations The game will be developed on an Android platform using Construct 2 on 2- Dimensional graphics. The game will be made to give information to the players especially to the passengers and drivers about the traffic rules and regulation. It can be played in a single player and multilayer game mode. In single player mode, the goal of the player is to get as many scores as he can by loading and unloading passenger without committing Accidents or Traffic violations. Multi-player mode will be played on two different devices, View shared and Wi-If Operational. There will be a time limit for the multi-player mode wherein each player must acquire scores by loading and unloading passengers. Committing any violations or accidents will deduct from there points. The maximum capacity of the passenger is 16 and the maximum violation is 3. The traffic rules and regulations included in our game can be seen in the appendix section. Minimum System Requirements: Processor 1 GHz Single Core Memory IAMB RAM Display size 3. 0 inches Resolution 280 Device Type Smart phone Operating System Jelly Bean Android Touchstones Capacitive, Multi-touch Conceptual Framework Review of Related Literature All the related information and games in an android platform will be discussed in this chapter. The information that the group will gather from these different games, will help us analyze each development of these games and apply it to our project. Three perspectives on strategy game design – Sorer Johnson, Brad Mir and Keith Burn are three different experts shared their knowledge about the significance in the design of strategy games, from transparency to decision-making and creating player investment and attachment. For Sorer Johnson, players of a strategy games should choose precisely and throw away their unexpected and random events, and various outcomes and breadth winning conditions. You read "Jeepney Racing" in category "Papers" Even though there are a lot of outcomes players have, what important the most is what’s on the player’s mind, that they truly understand the rules and can able to think them clearly and that they agonize all their inputs and outcomes. Keith Burn was best known for phone rocklike 100 Rogues. For him, the main producer of value in strategy games is interesting decisions. His goal is to provide value quickly to players. He said that if players gave their time make sure that they won’t regret spending it playing your game or they should be completely rewarded. Brad Mir wants to create a high degree of character attachment with the help of mechanics in Massive Chalice, because he was influenced by strategy games that include elements of character progression. He wanted to reduce problems to its simple essentials with 100 Rogues, but he doesn’t know how to start doing it. What he did is that he started with a rocklike genre and then added tactics to the genre’s kit design. He said that you can’t Just add interesting decisions to a system; interesting decisions are a property of a really strong-built system. Players can be attached to the players that they’re playing in strategy games and make personal stories with them. Losing their characters is a meaningful risk for them. [5] Related games Shopping Street This is a strategy game in which you will build your own mall. Every store has a capacity of customers who can shop. You can upgrade your store so many customers can shop at the same time. A customer who wants to shop in that store should wait. Relation of this game to our game is that there are also numbers of people who can enter a store. 6] Crazy Traffic Jam – This strategy simulation game comes with 3 levels of difficulty; you need to handle the traffic without committing any collisions. [7] Racing Motto This strategy game is a fast paced racing game. You never dare drive so fast in the real world. Control your Motto with incredible fast speed during traffic rush time! [8] Our game has the same view with this game which is the bird’s eye view. We adopted the road of this game to our project. In order to win the highest score in this game, you have to achieve the longest distance without committing any accidents. In our game, you have to achieve the longest distance so you can gain points without violating any traffic rules and regulation. Temple Run This strategy game is fast paced racing games wherein you need to drive as fast as possible without committing accidents. [9] In this game you have to survive all the challenges that have been waiting for you in order to have a high score. The longer he distance that you run, the more points you gain. If the player fails to survive all the challenges, the demonic monkeys will eat him. It has the same view when the player swipe to the left or right. In our game, if the player taps the left or right button, the street or the background will change Just like how background of the temple run changes. Racing Cars ID A strategy racing game that will test your driving skills in difficult levels. In this game, players need to collect coins to upgrade their cars. The player should also avoid obstacles and other cars. When the player hits his car with other and wasn’t able to void the obstacles, his health will be deducted. Just like in our game, if the player committed a violation, he will gain 1 x. When the player got 3 x, the game is over. In this game, the player needs to keep his car undamaged in a given time to win the game. Bench mark Description Jeep Racing Shopping Streets Sprites Jeepers, Cars, Passengers, Traffic Rules and Regulations Customers, Shops, Motor, Cars Cars Characters, Rope, Coins. Monkey Controls Tap, Swipe Tap -rap, Tilt Swipe Tap , tilt Scoring Achieve the farthest distance, load and unload the passengers on the proper loading ND unloading area Attract customers by building malls Get the farthest distance Number of Cars Successfully crossed the intersection Drive as fast as possible and get the farthest distance Acceleration Tapping the accelerator button. Holding the screen. Capacity Passengers Customers Game Mode Single Player, 2 Player Single Player Methodology This chapter tackles about how the application works. It contains game story, game play, game rationality and game assembly. Game story discusses the story from start to end of the game including the plot of the story. It contains different figures hat represent the flow of the application, visualized corrections of the game and its architecture. Gamely tackles about how the game will be played. Basically, gamely holds the actions that can be done by the player in the game to reach the objective of the game. Game rationality deals about the logic of the game which is how the game flows from the point where the application is started. Game assembly tackles about the requirements of the application and how the game responds to the user inputs. Gamely and Mechanics In single player mode, the player must acquire as many score as possible by adding and unloading passengers on the right bay without committing any violations and accidents will cause deduction on points and game over. In multi-player mode, the 2 players will play on different devices. The players will acquire points by loading and unloading passengers on a given time limit. The higher score will win the game. Pointing System Points Speed of the Jeep 1 pit per kip Loading passenger 100 points Unloading passenger Deduction Violations Unload passenger on the wrong bay. Accident/collision Game over. Software Methodology Planning phase It is the start of program development. In this phase, the group compiled and analyzed the research in related games and used the gathered information to be applied in the testing phase. The group checked for forums related to our game and listed things that we should avoid applying to our application. Analysis phase The group researched about related game reviews. The game reviews will help the group determine significant features that can be included in the game and that will make the game better than any other. Design phase The group will focus our graphics and interface to what our target users want. The group will follow the game flow that the group has created. In the game, the group will give some trivia related to it and used Philippine based characters and plots. The group will also use Photos for the images and backgrounds. The group will code all the designs generated from the proponents of the game flow which must be followed sequentially. Implementation After our game has undergone series of tests and code refinements, we will now deploy the software into the Android smartened and tablet. We are going to upload the game on Google Play Store for primary resource. Users may download the game through the website and port it in their own gadget. Verifications will be performed o the testers to make sure that the said features are working. Testing phase It is the part the group will initiate the beta testing where the group will play the game and test all the possible commands and inputs at the game. Any detected bugs or errors will be immediately fixed or use an error handling. Evaluation phase The group will start to initiate the alpha testing. It is where the group will release the created game to a select group of people and the players of the game will be given an evaluation form in a format of user acceptance test questionnaires. This will determine if the game will need some changes. How to cite Jeepney Racing, Papers

Arthur Kornberg Essay Example For Students

Arthur Kornberg Essay A. Personal InformationArthur Kornberg (1918-), American biochemist and physician, claims he has never met quot;a dull enzyme.quot; He has devoted his life to pursuing and purifying these critical protein molecules. His love of science did not spring from a family history rooted in science. He was born on March 3rd, 1918, the son of a sewing machine operator in the sweatshops of the Lower East Side of New York City. His parents, Joseph Aaron Kornberg and Lena Rachel Katz, were immigrant Jews who made great sacrifices to ensure the safety of their family. They had fled Poland, for if they had stayed, they would have been murdered in a German concentration camp. His grandfather had abandoned the paternal family name Queller, of Spanish origin. This was done to escape the fate of the army draft; he had taken the name of Kornberg, a man who had already done his service. His father used their meager earnings to bring and settle his family in New York City and was thrust into the sweatshops as a sewing machine operator. He, along with his brother Martin, 13 years older and sister Ella, nine years older, was encouraged by loving parents to obtain a good education. The public school reinforced this ideal. Education was the road of opportunity for social and economic mobility out of the sweatshops. His early education in grade school and Abraham Lincoln High School in Brooklyn was distinguished only by his quot;skipping quot; several grades. There was nothing inspirational about his courses except the teachers encouragement to get good grades. When he received a grade of 100 in the New York State Regents Examination, his chemistry teacher glowed with pride. It was the first time in over twenty years of teaching that a student of his had gotten a perfect grade. Arthur was a brilliant student who graduated from high school at the age of fifteen. He enrolled in City College in uptown Manhattan. Competition among a large body of bright and highly motivated students was fierce in all subjects. His high school interest in chemistry carried over into college. After receiving his B.S. degree in biology and chemistry in 1937, and since City College offered no graduate studies or research laboratories at that time, he became one of two hundred pre-med students at the University of Rochester. All through college he worked as a salesman in his parents furnishing store, and earned about $14 a week. This along with a New York State Regents Scholarship of $100 a year and with no college tuition to pay he was able to save enough money to pay for the first half of medical school. While a student, he became aware of a mild jaundice (yellowing) in his eyes. He observed a similar condition among other students and patients at the hospital and published these findings, his first professional paper, in the Journal of Clinical Investigation. He enjoyed studying to become a doctor, and his goal was to practice internal medicine, preferably in an academic setting. The medical school curriculum was uncrowded and close contact with a distinguished faculty was encouraged, but to his shock anti-Semitism was rampant in the academic circles. He was denied academic awards and research opportunities because he was Jewish. He had hoped to receive one of the fellowships from the medical school which allowed a few outstanding students to spend a year doing research, even though the idea of spending a significant amount of his days in the laboratory had no appeal at that time. To his disappointment he was passed over in every department, due to the ethnic and religious barriers which existed during that time, even though his grades were the highest. Although one professor at Rochester stood out, William S. McCann, Chairman of the Department of Medicine, the only one who made any effort to help Kornberg. William McCann persuaded a wealthy patient to endow a scholarship of which Kornberg was the recipient. This enabled Kornberg to pursue his first research project (on jaundice), and allowed him to be appointed to an internship in medicine, and then to an assistant residency, which would groom him for a career in academic medicine. Following his graduation in 1941, Kornberg enlisted in the U.S. Coast Guard, being assigned duty as a medical officer in the Caribbean. Officials at the National Institute of Health in Maryland, aware of his brief clinical study on the subject of jaundice, arranged for Kornbergs transfer to the institute. He spent the remainder of World War II carrying out research in the nutrition laboratory. In 1943, Kornberg married Sylvy Levy; he enjoyed not only companionship with Sylvy but also laboratory collaboration with a gifted wife. Her suggestions and advice would play major roles in his research. He has also enjoyed the privilege of fathering three sons, Tom, Ken, and Roy who have exhibited extraordinary scientific and professional achievements. B. Professional InformationThe National Institute of health was founded by Joseph Goldberger, one of the first scientists to recognize that a vitamin deficiency could cause an epidemic disease. Dr. Goldberger discovered the vitamin niacin, a member of the B complex of vitamins. Apperance vs. Realty in Hamlet Essay Kornberg became intrigued with bacteria as a source of enzymes for his research. In particular, he became interested in biosynthetic pathways for the building blocks of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). It was also in 1953 that James Watson and Francis Crick reported their discovery that DNA is a pair of chains spiraling about each other-a double helix. Within two years of Watson and Cricks historic report, Kornberg had found, in juices extracted from cells, an enzyme that synthesizes the huge chains of DNA from simple blocks. But it was not until 1956 that Kornbergs interest in the replication of DNA became the focus of his research. It was after the enzyme that assembles the nucleotide building blocks into a DNA chain was already in his hands. Much of his research during 1953 and 1954 dealt with purification of the enzymes that synthesize the precursors of DNA. By 1954, Kornbergs team had firmly established how the nucleotides are synthesized. The next step was to study how they are assembled into DNA or RNA. Initial experiments with extracts from animal cells were unsuccessful, and Kornberg turned to extracts from the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli). This was the first major discovery his team had made, and was the chemical catalyst responsible for the synthesis of DNA. They discovered the enzyme in the common intestinal bacterium Escherichia coli, and Kornberg called it DNA polymerase. This was an important discovery because DNA is the construction manual, and RNA transcribes it into reading form, but the proteins, particularly the enzymes, carry out all the cellular functions and give the organism its shape. In 1957, Kornbergs group used this enzyme to synthesize DNA molecules, but they were not biologically active. This proved that this enzyme does catalyze the production of new strands of DNA, and it explained how a single strand of DNA acts as a pattern for the formation of a new strand of nucleotides-the building blocks of DNA. In 1959, Kornberg along with Ochoa shared the Nobel Prize for their ;quot;discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid.;quot; His work established the basic mechanism of all DNA polymerases in nature and the capacity of these polymerases to make genetically active DNA in the test tube. The same year Kornberg accepted an appointment as professor of biochemistry and chairman of the Department of Biochemistry at Stanford University. He continued his research on DNA biosynthesis along with Mehran Goulian. The two researchers were determined to synthesize an artificial DNA that was biologically active. By 1967 the two researchers announced their success. This research would help in future studies of genetics, as well as in the search for cures to hereditary diseases and the control of viral infections. The Stanford researchers have continued to study DNA polymerase to further understanding of the structure of that enzyme and how it works. Kornberg has used his status as a Nobel Laureate on behalf of various causes. Arthur Kornberg is an expert in DNA replication, and in particular DNA polymerases. He is currently an active Professor Emeritus in the Department of Biochemistry at Stanford University School of Medicine, and he holds memberships in several scientific associations, including the National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society, and the American Philosophical Society. He has also authored over 300 scientific publications from 1956 to 1994 relating to DNA replication, DNA polymerases, and other aspects of nucleic acid enzymology. Arthur Kornbergs accomplishments still continue today, and the list is growing. Many of the enzymes that he isolated are also used in modern genetic engineering today. His work has help spawn a new generation of research in molecular medicine, has completely transformed the nature of medical research, and has enabled scientists to make great strides in the diagnosis and treatment of immune disorders. His research has laid the foundation for the clinical advances in the treatment of many devastating human disorders. D. ConclusionProfessor Kornberg finds time to travel and lecture at many universities and research centers. He calls for a return of simple curiosity. He lectures that quot; scientists need to be able to study science for curiositys sake and not be driven by the possible dollar benefits-and governments should encourage them. ;quot; He is adamant that research into science should proceed, despite public concerns that new discoveries, especially in genetic engineering, could be abused. ;quot;There is often a focus on the alarmist possibilities of any new technology; however it is foolish to try and predict where science will take us.;quot; He states ;quot; there hasnt been a single instance of biotechnology being misapplied. Its safer than driving. ;quot; Professor Kornberg is a remarkable individual, and his devotion to his field of study is inspirational. His contributions have advanced medical knowledge. Medical knowledge needs to constantly advance because of the challenges of new problems- such as novel toxins and resistant organisms that are constantly arising. I believe that research is the lifeline to medicine; we should continue to question and search for answers.

Anxiety, Mood, Dissociative, Somatoform Disorders free essay sample

Anxiety, Mood, Dissociative, Somatoform Disorders The DSM-IV-TR presents diagnostic categories and classifications for the use of identifying and diagnosing mental disorders (Hansell Damour, 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on Anxiety, Mood, Dissociative, Somatoform Disorders or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This paper will look at the areas of anxiety disorders, mood and affective disorders, dissociative disorders, and somatoform disorders. The probable classifications and symptoms under these categories will also be discussed. In addition, an in depth look at a disorder from each category will be dissected. Anxiety Disorders Anxiety can be classified as an unpleasant feeling associated with a general sense of danger, or a feeling that something bad is going to occur (Hansell Damour, 2008). Anxiety and fear are close to having the same meaning. Although in fear, the danger is more definite. The DSM-IV-TR category for anxiety disorders contains those where anxiety is the key symptom. Some of the main disorders that can come from having excessive anxiety include phobias, general anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and acute stress disorder (Hansell Damour, 2008). Anxiety and fear are ordinary responses to threatening or hazardous conditions. However, a person with an anxiety disorder may be subject to anxiety and fear in contexts that do not justify such feelings. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) In the instance of obsessive-compulsive disorder, obsessions and compulsions take on a different meaning. Obsessions are defined as unwanted persistent thoughts, ideas and feelings, whereas compulsions are defined as recurring, ritualized behaviors in an effort to control the anxiety that brought about the obsessions (Hansell Damour, 2008). The anxiety can be brought on by a number of factors. For instance, a person can be worried that his or her parents will die and every time he or she thinks about it they begin to feel the anxiety. When a person tries to resist a compulsion an increasing amount of tension and anxiety occur. These feelings are alleviated when that person gives in to the compulsion (obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 2009). Those who suffer from OCD, â€Å"can have compulsive behaviors that involve seemingly logical, through irrationally excessive, attempts to reduce the anxiety associated with obsessive thoughts†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hansell Damour, 2008, p. 124). References obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). (2009). In The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology. Retrieved from http://www. credoreference. com/entry/penguinpsyc/obsessive_compulsive_disorder_ocd Hansell, J. Damour, L. (2008). Abnormal psychology (2nd ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley

Free Essays on Death and Hamlet

after the deaths of Hamlet, Claudius, King of Denmark, Gertrude, Queen of Denmark, and Laertes, son of Polonius. Also dead are Hamlet, King of Denmark, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, former friends of Hamlet, Polonius, councilor to the King, and Ophelia, daughter of Polonius. Death is an extremely prevalent theme in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet. However, each death is unique in circumstances, causes, and effects. Three important deaths in Hamlet were the deaths of King Hamlet, Ophelia, and Prince Hamlet. The first, and probably most important death in Hamlet, is the death of Prince Hamlet’s father, Hamlet, King of Denmark. Even though this death is not portrayed in the play, it sets off a chain of events that comprise the plot of Hamlet. Hamlet, King of Denmark died recently before the play begins. Claudius, King Hamlet’s brother, succeeded him. This upset Prince Hamlet, who thought he should be the successor. Then, in the very first scene of the play, King Hamlet’s ghost appears to some soldiers and Hamlet’s friend Horatio. The ghost does not speak to them. Horatio tells Hamlet about the ghost, and eventually the ghost appears to Hamlet and speaks with him. The ghost surprises Hamlet by saying, â€Å"If thou didst ever thy dear father love- Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder† (Hamlet, Act I, Scene 5, Lines 23 and 25). Hamlet had not realised that his father had been murdered. The ghost goes on to say, â€Å"The serpent that did sting thy f ather’s life now wears his crown,† (Haml! et, Act I, Scene 5, Lines 38-39). It is at this point that Hamlet realises that his father’s mur... Free Essays on Death and Hamlet Free Essays on Death and Hamlet Death in Hamlet Essay written by: Juliette â€Å"So shall you hear of carnal, bloody, and unnatural acts, of accidental judgments, casual slaughters, of deaths put on by cunning and forced cause,† (Hamlet, Act V, Scene 2, Lines 381-384). So says Horatio, best friend of Prince Hamlet in the final few lines of the play. He speaks these words after the deaths of Hamlet, Claudius, King of Denmark, Gertrude, Queen of Denmark, and Laertes, son of Polonius. Also dead are Hamlet, King of Denmark, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, former friends of Hamlet, Polonius, councilor to the King, and Ophelia, daughter of Polonius. Death is an extremely prevalent theme in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet. However, each death is unique in circumstances, causes, and effects. Three important deaths in Hamlet were the deaths of King Hamlet, Ophelia, and Prince Hamlet. The first, and probably most important death in Hamlet, is the death of Prince Hamlet’s father, Hamlet, King of Denmark. Even though this death is not portrayed in the play, it sets off a chain of events that comprise the plot of Hamlet. Hamlet, King of Denmark died recently before the play begins. Claudius, King Hamlet’s brother, succeeded him. This upset Prince Hamlet, who thought he should be the successor. Then, in the very first scene of the play, King Hamlet’s ghost appears to some soldiers and Hamlet’s friend Horatio. The ghost does not speak to them. Horatio tells Hamlet about the ghost, and eventually the ghost appears to Hamlet and speaks with him. The ghost surprises Hamlet by saying, â€Å"If thou didst ever thy dear father love- Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder† (Hamlet, Act I, Scene 5, Lines 23 and 25). Hamlet had not realised that his father had been murdered. The ghost goes on to say, â€Å"The serpent that did sting thy f ather’s life now wears his crown,† (Haml! et, Act I, Scene 5, Lines 38-39). It is at this point that Hamlet realises that his father’s mur...

Ethics application( the effects of dance in primary schools) Essay

Ethics application( the effects of dance in primary schools) - Essay Example It will assist them to figure out if the dancing activity is important in the educational system. The outcome of the research would be very broad. Parents will become active in monitoring their childrens activities. Furthermore, the teachers would understand both the negative and positive effects of dance. With the latter in mind, they will know how to nurture the dance talents into greater heights. In addition, the government will allow dance to be part of the curricular, provided it promotes a level of education. The primary school children would be the main beneficiary of this research. The dance instructors and teachers will properly train them to maximize their talents. They will learn the positive sides of the dance, which may benefit them in the future. Most talented people in dance fail to reach the greatest stages because of poor foundation. The research would give recommendations to teachers on how to lay the best foundations for these pupils. There are various ways of obtaining the participants contacts. The sponsor of the research identifies and enlists the participants. The research targets to enlist about 200 people. It is the best sample that would estimate a target population of the research. The sponsor will place notices around various schools to keep them aware. It would be easy to obtain the participants details because they will be aware of the proposed research (Doku, 2010, p. 1). The selection criteria would consider schools that have more than 1000 pupils. The schools should also offer dancing lessons. The schools should offer consent to participate in the evaluation. The exclusion criteria would concentrate mainly in profession and age. The research would not involve participants who work outside the education department. Furthermore, it will exclude people who are over 40 years, parents included. There are procedures that would involve participants in this research. There would be day-to-day

THE ELECTRIC TOWN CAR COMPANY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

THE ELECTRIC TOWN CAR COMPANY - Essay Example The variable costs of the product amount to 2000 pounds. Based on these two figures the contribution margin of a sale of a car towards the fixed costs of the company is 3000 pounds. The total fixed costs of the company which includes overhead related to administration costs, marketing, research and development and other costs is 150 million pounds. The end result of the breakeven analysis illustrated in appendix A is the company must sell 50,000 car units per year for the revenues of the company to equal its expenses. The pricing point chosen by the company of 5000 pounds is between 4% and 16% lower than the competition. The ETC project requires a capital investment of 500 million pounds to be invested in buildings, machinery, office equipment, information technology system and other fixed assets. The investors interested in the project stipulated a minimum 15% return of investment (ROI). Appendix B provides a price sensitivity analysis that shows the annual demand of the ETC product depending on the price point of the car. The Electric Town Car Company had a requirement of a 15% return on investment. At the original price of 5000 pounds the company produces a profit of 54 million pounds, but the return on the original investment is 10.8%, which is below the 15% requirement. In order to achieve the desired ROI the company must lower its price from 5000 pounds to 4600 pounds. At the 4600 pound price with a unit output level of 85,000 units the company obtains a 16.92% return on investment. It is r ecommended that the company operate at the 90,000 units full capacity output selling its product at 4600 pounds. At this price and output the return of investment increases to 19.68%. All the figures depicted in this paragraph are illustrated in Appendix B. An initial requirement for the potential investors in the ETC project is to obtain a return on investment of 15%. This ROI based on an initial investment of requires the company to

The opportunities and the threats of the FJE Limited Essay

The opportunities and the threats of the FJE Limited - Essay Example The objectives of this project are:- †¢ To analyze the strength of the company. †¢ To assess the weakness of the company. †¢ To identify the opportunities and the threats of the company. †¢ To identify the various sources of fund and probable funds of the company. †¢ To assess the cash requirement of the company. †¢ To analyze the various options of investment available to the company in exploration. †¢ To identify the financial viability of each of the exploration option. SWOT analysis is a strategic tool which is used to analyze, understand and decide on the various situations which can arise in the business during its course of operations. The full form of SWOT is strength, weakness, opportunities and threats . The SWOT analyses of the FGE Company have been done to assess the risks and also the competitive advantage of the company and the business in which it is operating. Strength: The main strength of FJE is the sector in which it is operating. Uranium is used to produce electricity from nuclear power. Uranium itself has a very big market globally. In 2008 Australia exported more than AUD 800 million dollars of uranium to the rest of the world. The royalties achieved from Australian uranium mines is about AUD 21 million dollars per year. From Australia only about 10707 tons of uranium has been exported to the rest of the world in 2008.... This signifies that uranium has a major demand in most of the countries of the world. Therefore companies who are operating in this sector will always have a demand in the market as the resources available are less compared to the global demand. Another advantage of the company is that it does not have any debt in its capital structure this means that company is less risky. The company has exploration site in Niger which has 5% of world’s uranium resource. Also it has a site in Australia which has the largest resource of uranium in the world. This gives FJE competitive advantage over other firms. Figure 1: Uranium Requirement of the World (Source: Trade Tech, 2011) Weakness: Exploration companies always have to bear the risk of failing in the discovery of the uranium ore or salable uranium ore. If the exploration companies cherish the high return of the extraction and export of the mineral ore then in case of not discovering the ore many times the exploration companies have to suffer huge loss. The cost of exploration and all the associated expenses are very high. The FJE limited is a very small company which has a very small capital of AUD 4 million dollars. If the company fails to discover uranium in the proposed sites then it will be very difficult for the company to maintain its operations. More over there are many trade restrictions on uranium like non proliferation treaty etc made the market for the uranium quite narrow. Another weakness is the intense competition in this sector. The uranium exploration market is already crowded by many big companies like Western Mining Corporation, BP Minerals, and BHP Billiton etc. Opportunities: The biggest of the FJE limited is the rising market of nuclear energy. Rise in the use of the nuclear

Engineering Practice Review Report

Engineering Practice Review Report Introduction I worked for Christie Civil during both of my Internships and received a wide variety of experience during both of these six-month blocks. I worked on several different sites, which included the upgrade of an RTA owned road to the renovation and construction of parts of the Holsworthy Army Barracks. I found out about Christie Civil through the university-run website I2MS. I applied for the advertised position, as well as many others as soon as they became available online. Although I didnt receive a reply as soon as I would have liked. About 2 and a half months after I applied for the job, I received a phone call and an invitation to have an interview with the companies Sydney manager, Martin Carey. I felt the interview went very well and I was initially happy with my first impressions of the place and the people. One week later I was one of the two successful applicants and began work on the 1st of August 2007. In the semester before my second internship, I contacted Christie Civil in the hope of obtaining some information about a site I had previously worked on, for a university assignment. It was then when the Project Manager I was talking to, inquired about where I was working for my second internship and invited me to come back and work for them. Since I enjoyed working there, and I felt that I previously hadnt learnt as much as I could have, I decided to return to the company. About the company Christie Civil is a medium sized construction company that specializes in civil contracting within the Sydney region. For over 40 years, Christie Civil has worked as a Quality Endorsed company whose typical scope of works includes: Foundations (piles, footings, underground structures, shoring and underpinning) Bulk and detailed Earthworks Subdivisions (Site clearance, roads and drainage, services) Concrete Structures (Bridges, water and wastewater treatment tanks, detention tanks) Integrated Services (mechanical/ electrical/ hydraulics/ utilities) Retaining Walls Car parks and Pavements Environmental Remediation Christie Civil employs over 35 people including many Civil engineers, Project Managers and Foreman. On a typical site, Christie Civil provides the On Site Over Heads (OSOH) and usually subcontracts skilled labour (such as carpenters, plumbers and electricians) to professional companies with a good reputation and a proven record. The company also often works in conjunction with a labour hire company called Christies People, as both companies were founded by the same person. First Internship 2007/2008 During my first internship, I worked with Christie Civil for over 6 months between August 2007 and February 2008. Throughout this time, my role varied significantly as the Christie Civil management team placed me in several different positions so that I might gain experience within different aspects of the company (see Figure 1a). The major roles I had are explored below: Figure 1a) Site Engineer As a site engineer I was given the responsibility of preparing and maintaining all of the Quality Assurance (QA) documentation regarding the construction sites to which I was assigned. The QA documents basically provide a system in which to monitor the progress and quality of the construction processes ensuring that it is done in a safe manor, to an acceptable standard. Regularly I was required to: Conduct site inductions, which were aimed at highlighting the important safety rules and regulations for anyone new to the site. Prepare and maintain Safe Work Method Statements (SWMS) which describes the appropriate precautions that must be taken in order expose potential hazards and minimize their risks. Give toolbox talks to the subcontractors and laborers. These talks outline current safety issues and highlight the appropriate action that is to be taken in order to maintain a safe workplace. Conduct Safety and Environmental Checklists. These checklists highlight any potential hazards that may have come about during construction. E.g. Excavations greater than 1.5m that require fencing. Prepare, maintain and sign off on Inspection and Test Plans. Record and monitor the location of newly placed concrete batches. Correspond with the Client Aid the project manager Aid the laborers I was assigned to two main sites during my first internship, the first of these being the construction of a sewerage overflow tank just off Gunnamatta Bay in Cronulla, NSW. This site basically involved the removal of an existing retaining wall, the excavation of the pit for the tank, the construction of the 5m x 3m tank and the restoration of the wall and the surrounding plants. It was only a fairly small, two month job with a budget of about $300,000. The second site I was assigned to on my first internship was a huge multi-million dollar construction and renovation project of the Holsworthy Army Barracks. On this site, several companies were subcontracted to John Holland to complete specific aspects of the job. Christie Civil had the role of excavating the trenches, laying the storm water pipes and the construction of the roads throughout the site. Systems Engineer As a Systems Engineer I was based in the head office, but was regularly required to visit the different sites and conduct Project Review Meetings (PRMs) with the Foreman or Project Managers. The data from these PRMs were collected and collated to form a set of OHS statistics which aim to compare the number of hours worked, with the number of Work Related Incidents (WRIs) and loss time injuries sustained. This allowed the company to gain an overall picture of performance with a focus on Occupational Health and Safety. Also it is a necessary procedure to prove the companies safety records and to build the companies reputation as a safe working company. This is done for the sake of tendering and as documentation in case an authority audits the company. Estimator As an estimator I assisted the estimating division in calculating the price of the different jobs for which we were tendering. This involved communicating with the Senior Estimator and referring to several engineering drawings in order to calculate the cost of the processes involved with the different jobs. For example from the engineering drawings we could calculate the approximate volume of material to be excavated. We could then approximate the time this would take for a certain excavator to complete, and then we would get several quotes from our subcontractors in order to compile a competitive tender for the prospective client. Other In conjunction with the major positions explored above I also had many other less specific roles within the company. Regularly I was required to drop off tenders, buy tools, conduct dilapidation reports, collect information regarding potential work sites, print and interpret engineering drawings and follow instructions as needed. Second Internship 2009/2010 After my first Internship I felt that I had not learnt as much as I could have at Christie Civil, hence I took up an offer to return to the company for my second internship. During this time, I worked for Christies for over 7 months between July 2009 and February 2010. As a result of my previous experience, I spent less time learning the ins and outs of my role within the company, but rather, was put out on one of the companys major job sites straight away. Throughout the course of my second internship I worked on two major sites, the first site involved the upgrade of Hillsborough Rd, a fairly major RTA road located in the heart of Warners Bay near Newcastle. As a site engineer on this particular job I was required to do much of the same work I had done during my first internship, although having a period of about one and a half years away from the company I was fortunate to have another site engineer with me for the first few weeks to remind me of my role. This particular site was unlike any other job I had worked on prior, because the construction client was the RTA. This meant that I was required to read through and understand many RTA specifications to do with the correct process for the construction of an RTA road, and submit all the testing and evidence that was need to prove to the RTA that the construction complied with the specifications. Specifically, this involved submitting Hold Point Release Forms (See Appendix A), to the RTA at particular stages of the construction process, and waiting for them to approve the quality of particular aspects of the current construction, before we could continue. Learning Outcomes The learning outcomes addressed below were chosen because they are not directly looked at elsewhere in the report. Eg. I didnt include the learning outcome about ethics, because it is directly addresses in the Ethics section. to review past experience, so as to plan and prepare for future workplace participation at a graduate and professional level. After reviewing both of my internships, and my university experience as a whole, I think that in the immediate future after graduation, I would like to get a job as a design engineer to experience a different side of my profession. An older civil engineer said to me when I first began my degree was that in his experience, the best design engineers are the ones who had worked in construction beforehand, because they know the practical workings of the job and can apply their experience while designing. So I deliberately went about looking for a job a site engineer for my first and second internships. At university I have enjoyed and found satisfying, the design subjects such as concrete design and steel and timber design, and could honestly see myself pursuing that sort of thing as a career. I would also like to achieve Chartered Professional Engineering Status to further open up opportunities for my career throughout my life. to refine and develop your approach to securing employment for professional engineering practice Since both of my internships were in construction, I hope to eventually get into engineering design, where I can incorporate the practical experience gained from working on site with the designs I am required to complete. As a result I have been looking out for, and focusing my attention to companies which are actively involved in both the design and construction aspects of engineering. I could use my construction experience to get into the company, and then hopefully move on to more of a design role within the company. to extend your knowledge of workplace cultures and organizational behavior Working in the construction industry, gave me the opportunity to learn about and be amongst two very different workplace cultures. The difference between the cultures on site and in the office is extravagant. Workplace culture in the office was professional which meant we were required to wear pants and a collared shirt. The atmosphere in the office was serious compared to the site as most of the people I worked with in the office were skilled engineers and project managers. In the same way, this was confirmed by the fact that everyone worked in their own office, quietly without fuss. On site however, there was many practical jokes and a lot of swearing. Work was done to keep on schedule, but there wasnt a major push for completion. Most days were relatively stress-free and for the most part everyone got along. There was no set time for lunch breaks, and sometimes the opportunity to work through lunch and finish early. to develop a critical basis for understanding principles of management, and of planning and design Throughout my work experience I have had much more to do with planning and construction rather than design. I have worked closely alongside a few different construction managers. I have seen and helped with much of the work they do and seen what is required of them to get the job done. Similarly I have been assigned to construction projects from their beginning, and have been involved in the initial planning of a job. My work experience also has been complimented with subjects I have studied at university, such as Construction and Engineering Project Management, whereas subjects like Concrete Design and Steel and Timber Design, have introduced me to the foundational concepts behind design, which I hope will someday come into use in the near future during my career. to develop and demonstrate effective communication skills appropriate to professional engineering Communication was one of the essential skills I needed in order to complete my job properly. As explored above, working in the different workplace cultures of site and the office, required me to be able to communicate effectively, with different types of people. Typically, when in the office I would be talking to engineers and Project Managers. As a result, the conversations were generally more technically based often referring to specific design specifications and engineering drawings. On site however, conversations, if about work, were regarding the practical aspects of the construction such as getting the grader to trim the road base down 20mm. to relate the theoretical knowledge gained in your experience to your studies, so as to be able to apply it in your capstone project During my internships, I found that a lot of the material and engineering knowledge I had gained at university was reinforced through my practical experience. Subjects such as Surveying, Construction and Engineering Project Management provided invaluable preparation for what I was to learn while working on construction sites throughout Sydney. Working on site, however, helped me to see the bigger picture of civil engineering and how each stage of the engineering process †¦ from initial conception, to design and finally construction of a project, is just as important as each other. Other subjects such as Steel and Timber Design and Concrete Design also introduced me to the other side of engineering, which I am yet to experience in a workplace environment. All of this experience will prove to be a great resource to draw from when completing my Capstone. to identify opportunities to extend your engineering knowledge Since I have had all of my experience within the construction aspect of Civil Engineering, I would like to initially pursue a career within a design consulting company so I can broaden my experience. I have enjoyed completing subjects such as steel and timber design, and concrete design and would love the challenge of applying the skills I have learnt in those subjects, as well as getting a more detailed understanding of engineering design within the real world. Also I love the idea of residential design, and hopefully one day with enough experience, I might be able to design my own house. to develop strategies for collaborative and life-long learning I have found that one of the most simple and beneficial practices to undertake for lifelong learning are to asking questions. The field of Civil Engineering is so broad, that it is rare to find an engineer that can be an expert at it all. Hence, during my internships, I needed to ask questions, not only to understand what I needed to do as a site engineer, but also to understand the reasons for doing such things like environmental inspection reports, or for using material such as heavily bound road base, as opposed to crushed sandstone, during the construction of roads. to develop strategies to secure mentoring and to promote team work While working for Christie Civil, I was basically assigned to assisting one particular project manager on all of his sites. The Project Manager became sort of a mentor to me, as he would be the first person I would contact if I had any questions or issues. In the same way, I have an uncle and a few friends whom are experienced Civil Engineers, and I have often asked for their advice while unsure about particular assignments while at university. During my career, if the company I work for doesnt assign me to a mentor specifically, I would go about seeking someone within the company who would be happy to sit down with me to answer any questions I might have, also I hopefully would still be able to talk to my uncle and civil engineering friends if they work within the same sector of civil engineering. to reflect on, and constructively review, your colleagues practice to help them in their academic, professional and personal development The main place I have been in a position to constructively review colleagues work is at university. As an intern I certainly wasnt in a position to constructively review my Project Managers work, however, I was required to train up another intern, and in doing so I needed to teach him how, and to review the work he had done. In particular, there was one occasion where he completed a Project Review Meeting but it was not done in enough detail, so I had to review it with him, and highlight the main areas of concern before filing the report. At university however I have worked on plenty of group assignments, where I have been required to constructively review members of my groups work. Recently, I found a mistake in one of the other group members work for a computer modeling and design assignment. I went over and gently pointed out the mistake, but it still took further explanation to convince her that she was wrong. Career Episode Reports Career Episode Title: Road Extension, Templar Rd Erskine Park Dates of Career Episode: 01.11.09 to 01.12.09 Length of Career Episode: 30 days Competency Element Claimed This project involved the extension of Templar Rd, Erskine Park further into an industrial area, to accommodate for the increase in traffic to the area as a result of new major industrial developments in the area. My role as a site engineer was basically to act as a bridge between the office and this site, maintain and upkeep of the QA Documentation, collaborate with the foreman and laborers and liaise with the project manager. While I was working here, I was regularly required to manage my own time and processes. I often would move between the office and the site to attend meetings, run errands and deliver items of significance such as inspection reports. To make the most out of each day, I would plan my time and route accordingly to avoid peak hour traffic and determine the most efficient way to complete my tasks. Often during the day, I would be required to cope with change, both in my own daily schedule or in the final design of the project. Sometimes I would be on site and I would get a call from the company manager asking if I could run an errand for him. On one particular occasion, I was asked to drive back to the company office to pick up some important tender documents and drop them off at the Sydney Water head office. I was required to re-adjust my schedule for that day, and prioritize my tasks and complete them accordingly. Similarly, throughout the project there were several design changes. Initially as part of the project we were required to build a large turning bay towards the end of the road, which was designed so large trucks would have easy access in and out of the surrounding industrial warehouses. Just as we were preparing to begin the excavation for this part of the road, the client changed the design and totally removed the turning bay. I was required to adapt and change a lot of the QA documentation such as Inspection Test Plans (ITPs) and the Lot Plans, in order to accommodate for the design change. On site, I was required to complete surveying and leveling tasks in a timely manner. Due to the nature of the site, the client, Penrith City Council, would send out a senior engineer to inspect the levels of each layer of the road to ensure that we were building the road to the design levels. I was responsible for ensuring these levels were correct before the senior engineer arrived to inspect. I did this by calculating the design levels from the engineering drawings and then using a laser level to check the actual road level. If the actual level did not match the design level I would ask the grader operator to adjust the actual levels appropriately, all before the arrival of the Penrith City Councils Senior Engineer. C3.1: Manages Self C3.1a C3.1e C3.1c Signature of Candidate: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Candidates Verifier/s Name: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Verifier Engineering Qualifications: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. I verify that the above narrative is a true account of the candidates own work Verifier Signature: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Career Episode Title: Hillsborough Rd Upgrade, Warners Bay (part 1) Dates of Career Episode: 05.07.09 to 20.08.09 Length of Career Episode: 45 days Competency Element Claimed This project involved the upgrade of Hillsborough Rd, Warners Bay to coincide and accommodate for the construction of a new shopping complex which serviced the Warners Bay and greater Newcastle area. As a site engineer on this site I was required to travel up to Newcastle and spend several days a week supervising, and maintaining all the QA Documentation, whilst collaborating with the client to ensure that the road was constructed according to the design. My role in particular required a lot of communication. I was constantly asking questions, writing emails, sending reports and confirming meetings with my Project Manager, the client and the site foreman. This in itself required me to change the way I communicate, depending on whom I was talking to. For example, there is a very different workplace culture on site with the foreman and laborers on site, compared to the office with the Project Managers and Engineers. I would have to change my approach to communication and language I would use, depending on the context. When talking to my project manager, or the client, I generally would talk with technical terminology, talking about specific aspects of testing such as the RTA approved NAASRA Road Roughness Test or I would make reference to specific reports such as ITPs (Inspection Test Plan) or Hold Points which were required by the client at the end of the job. On one particular occasion, I was required to prepare all the site documentation for an external audit conducted by a company called SAI Global. It took about a week to get everything in order, and I was quite nervous because the auditor was basically going to be rating the organization and completeness of the site documentation and hence, my performance as a site engineer. At the end of the audit, the SAI Global representative highlighted only 2 minor areas which could be improved. My Project Manager turned around and shook my hand and said good job and that he was not really concerned about the minor issues. This event helped me to develop and maintain the trust of and confidence of my project manager and the other staff involved, that I was capable of performing to the required standard. As an Intern working on this site, I came across many new and different materials and processes used to build this road, compared to what I had encountered before. As an RTA road, the material was generally to be of higher quality, with better materials used and significantly more rigorous testing done during construction. As a result I consistently needed to seek answers from internal (my project manager), and the external (the client representative) sources. I asked questions about the benefits of using particular materials (such as Heavily Bound Base, a road base with fly ash and other cement-like properties.) C3.2: Works Effectively with People Signature of Candidate: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Candidates Verifier/s Name: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Verifier Engineering Qualifications: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. I verify that the above narrative is a true account of the candidates own work Verifier Signature: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Career Episode Title: Hillsborough Rd Upgrade, Warners Bay (part 2) Dates of Career Episode: 21.08.09 to 15.10.09 Length of Career Episode: 60 days Competency Element Claimed This project involved the upgrade of Hillsborough Rd, Warners Bay to coincide and accommodate for the construction of a new shopping complex which serviced the Warners Bay and greater Newcastle area. For the second half of this project I continued working as a site engineer, however as the job neared its conclusion, I was required to focus more on finalizing the official documentation to be submitted to and signed off by the RTA representative. In order to understand what exactly was required by the RTA, I need to read through, understand and constantly refer to the RTA Road Construction specifications. Whenever I found the specifications to be ambiguous, I contacted the RTA Rep for clarification as to what he actually required, hence I identified the clients needs. These specifications required me to regularly complete and submit Hold Point and Witness Point Forms to the RTA Representative at critical stages of the construction process. On one occasion the hold points were sent back before being signed off because they did not contain enough detail. For example, A hold point form was required to be submitted before the construction of each new layer of the road. On this particular instant I submitted the hold point form outlining that the previously completed layer (e.g. the crushed sandstone) had passed all the geotechnical tests and asking for permission to continue with the next layer. The RTA rep then sent the hold poi nt from back and outlined that I needed to be more specific about the chainages where the crushed sandstone had been tested and passed. One of the major set of documents I was required to submit to the RTA was the ITPs or Inspection Test Plans. These were Christie Civil Documents that detailed the methods of construction and testing of each construction process throughout the entire job, e.g., Heavily bound base, Storm water, Asphalt etc. It also required the site engineer and client to sign off after each process had been completed. For example, the ITP for the Heavily Bound Base stated the specific type of material to be used, the level of compaction which was to be achieved and the methods of testing among other things. As the job went on, it was my role to sign off on each of the ITP processes once they had been completed. I then regularly submitted these reports to the client to document the companys progress, before finally submitting the entire completed set of ITPs, along with all of the Hold points and Witness Points, and other required documents, as one complete record of the job. C3.5: Maintains customer focus and relationships with clients Signature of Candidate: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Candidates Verifier/s Name: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Verifier Engineering Qualifications: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. I verify that the above narrative is a true account of the candidates own work Verifier Signature: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Social Responsibility Social Responsibility has become one of, if not the forefront issue in engineering in the last twenty years. A civil engineer is responsible and accountable to rest of society for designing, engineering and constructing in a way which will not harm or have dire consequences for the surrounding environment and its occupants. During my internships I found that the two major ways in which Christie Civil work towards a sustainable future is firstly through the prevention of pollution, and secondly through recycling. On almost every site I went on, there were different measures taken to prevent the pollution of the surrounding areas. While I worked in Cronulla, we temporarily installed a silt boom in the section of the lake nearest to the site. This was to prevent dust and silt and any other form of pollution from the site, from leaking into the natural environment. Similarly, on the Holsworthy site, we temporarily installed small silt filters above all the stormwater drains in the area for the same reason. The use of a water cart to keep the ground moist was a common tool to prevent the spread of dust, whereas every truck (including its wheels) needed to be relatively clean before leaving site, so that any mud or other material on the truck would not get accidentally dropped in public. In the same way, on the Warners Bay and Erskine Park sites I worked on silt fences were installed around all the storm water drains in the area, so as to prevent dirt and dust and other materials from entering the drain and being spread into the environment. On these sites in particular, Christie Civil hired a bobcat with a sweeper extension to continually sweep the existing road of any debris and excess material carried off by delivery vehicles, to prevent the material being spread into the natural environment. During my experience, I found that engineers also generally prefer to recycle materials, not only for sustainable reasons, but because it saves money. For example, on the Holsworthy site we were required to construct roads. This involved the detailed excavation, laying and compaction of road base and then finally the laying and compaction of asphalt. In this instance, on another one of the companys sites, they were getting rid of tonnes of sandstone. Fortunately for us, the sandstone complied with the Australian Standards for a road base. Consequently, the project manager at Holsworthy recycled the sandstone from another site, by re-using it as road base. Ethical Practice Ethics is basically the moral code or set of standards to which someone has been shaped as a result of their culture, religion or society. As a result, ethics is a totally subjective concept, in that something that I might consider wrong or inappropriate might be ok for someone else. Nevertheless the seriousness of ethics cannot be underestimated. I believe that ethics is an especially important topic for the civil engineer, as what they do has a direct impact on society as a whole. Thus, the consequences of bad decisions could possibly have huge ramifications. For me personally, my ethical framework has been predominantly shaped by my Christian faith. One of the major ethical issue I faced while on my internship, involved the project manager and project foreman asking everyone to sign a Safe Work Method Statement which they had changed but dated it as if it was months earlier. The incident arose after an excavator nearly hit some overhead power lines. Upon realizing that this issue had not been highlighted in the Safe Work Method Statement (which should be signed upon induction), the project manager edited the document, including the new issue and re-printed it. He then asked all the laborers and other people involved to sign the SWMS as if it were months earlier, when they signed the original document. In my integrity, I couldnt sign the document and lie about the date on which it had been signed. Fortunately since the document outlined the process for bulk and detailed excavation, it wasnt too important that I didnt sign it, as I had little to do with the physical work in this area. On a similar occasion, while I was working on the Hillsborough Rd, Warners Bay site, one of the young laborers was caught by the police, driving a work truck without a licence on a small public ro