Explore the nature of false memories and discuss how they can impact our lives. - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2810 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Psychology Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? There is a consensus among researchers that human memory is prone to distortions. The study of false memories addresses this phenomenon, examining individuals recollection of past events. This paper aims to discuss the nature of false memories and what effect they may have on our lives. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Explore the nature of false memories and discuss how they can impact our lives." essay for you Create order In particular, this essay focuses on how false memories can be elicited in experimental or other settings, how research in false memories has improved our understanding of the cognitive effects of trauma, and how memory distortions can be elicited also among healthy people. The overall application of false memory research findings will be discussed along with the limitations of this line of research. The nature of false memories Smeets, Merckelbach, Horselenberg, and Jelicic (2005: 918) define false autobiographical memories as recollections of events that never happened or that are recalled very differently from how they actually happened. Researchers have attempted to examine those erroneous recollections using a variety of techniques including imagination inflation, personalized suggestions and drawing on real life situations (Smeets et al. 2005). The most widely discussed implications of this research involve eyewitness reports and individuals memory of traumatic experiences (e.g. Brennen, Dybdahl, Kapidzic ´ 2007). Researchers have employed various research methods to address those phenomena including interviewing, Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) lists DRM lists and diverse experimental designs. Research consistently shows that individuals are prone to over-remember trauma, although these memories are open to change (Brennen et al. 2007; Engelhard, van den Hout, McNally, 2008; Giosan, Malta, J ayasinghe, Spielman, Difede 2009; Strange Takarangi, 2012; 2015). Strange and Takarangi (2012; 2015) used an experimental research design to examine individuals recollection of traumatic events using a United Kingdom public service announcement film against texting while driving that depicted a fatal car accident for five people including a baby. The researchers manipulated the experimental conditions by identifying all events being depicted in the film and then removing a number of short clips. Participants were asked to watch the film and then returned 24-hours later for a recognition test showing them 18 new and old short clips. Their findings reveal that 95% of the participants identified correctly which clips they had originally watched or not but they also claimed that they had watched 26% of the missing clips. A significant finding was also the fact that participants were more likely to exhibit memory distortions regarding the prime traumatic events depicted in the film rat her than peripheral ones. Strange Takarangi (2015) following a similar methodology investigated individuals erroneous recollections separating their participants into four experimental conditions: Static (S), Static + Warning (SW), Static-Warning-Label (SWL) and Control (C). All participants watched the film and the control group received no indication regarding any missing footage, those in the Static (S) condition were shown static frame for those clips that were missing, those in the Static + Warning (SW) received a warning as well in the beginning of the film regarding the missing clips, those in the Static-Warning-Label (SWL) was also shown an additional label during the static frame of the missing footage. In the following day, just like their first study, participants were called for a surprise test that asked them to decide whether 18 short clips were part of the film they had watched or not. Their findings showed that participants overall identified correctly the clips tha t they had initially watch, while 27-39% also claimed that they had watched footage that was not included in the original film and participants remembered inaccurately more often central than peripheral events.   Further comparisons between the different experimental conditions suggest that memory distortions can be malleable as there was an improvement in the experimental conditions compared to the control group.. In particular, the visual static made no difference, warnings were more effective than the static condition, and the provision of both a label and a warning did not differentiate substantially from the plain static condition. The authors interpreted their findings based on various memory models (e.g. Fuzzy Trace Theory, Associative Activation Theory) that equally predict that most memory distortions would occur in relation to the most critical of the events that individuals experienced. The most common experimental design that is employed in false memories resea rch is the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm (DRM; Deese 1959; Roediger McDermott 1995). It involves lists of words, where each list is tailored around one word that is called critical lure and is not present in that list. Among healthy subjects, false recognition can reach up to 80% (Stadler, Roediger, McDermott 1999) and it is a method that has often been employed in order to examine false memories among Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) patients. Research findings have been often inconsistent (Bremmer, Shobe, Kihlstorm 2000; Zoellner, Foa, Brigidi, Prseworski 2000; Brennen et al. (2007) and Brennen et al. (2007) addressed those inconsistencies using an adaptation of the DRM method that include both neutral and war-related DRM lists in order to examine the false memories of a group of patients with PTSD and a group without PTSD but exposed to war trauma. Their findings reveal that PTSD patients mistakenly recalled more war-related words offering support to the argument tha t source-monitoring may be impaired among PTSD patients due to assumed links between PTSD and dissociation (Ehlers Clark 2000; Zoellner et al. 2000; Brennen et al. 2007). Jelinek, Hottenrott, Randjbar, and Moritz (2009) also investigated the production of false memories among 48 traumatized patients (20 full or partial PTSD patients and 28 non-PTSD patients) and a control group of healthy individuals (N=28) using a visual variant of the DRM method. In particular, they asked from their participants to watch four pictures (each one appearing for 40sec in a monitor) that depicted different scenes (classroom, beach, funeral, room surveillance) and then were asked to decide on a recognition test whether a list of 48 items were present in those pictures. Their analysis showed that PTSD participants showed a higher rate of false memories compared with traumatized and non-traumatized individuals but this difference was not statistically significant. Furthermore, PTSD participants did not e xhibit higher confidence in falsely remembering critical lures which is in accordance with Brennan et al. (2007) tentative evidence that such differences may be present only in relation to trauma-related critical lures. The impact of false memories in our lives The string of research that has addressed the effect that false memories can have in our lives has focused on the way in which individuals recollect past events and how this can influence their decisions and judgement in the present and future. Research consistently shows that people are susceptible to remember persistently events that may have never happened or recollect past events erroneously and even change their preferences based on those erroneous recollections. Loftus and Bernstein (2005: 101) define such rich false memory as the subjective feeling that one is experiencing a genuine recollection, replete with sensory details, and even expressed with confidence and emotion, even though the event never happened. Usually individuals will be presented with some piece of often misleading information about an event that will distort their memory about that event. This distortion can be manifested when the individuals memory gets tested. In daily life these distortions can be ge nerated by photographs or leading questions that can create the strong impression that someone has experienced one specific event in the past. For example, an adult may believe that he or she had visited a place as a kid after seeing a picture of the place. Such effects can even impact criminal cases or litigations. Anecdotal evidence has often documented such phenomena among eyewitnesses stories and in stories about alien abduction and satanic abuse. Such an example is the litigation brought by Patricia Burgus against her former psychiatrist Dr. Braun for malpractice according to which Dr. Braun has used repressed memory therapy, including hypnosis (Holdem 1998, p.6) which led to her holding the belief that she is the high priestess of a satanic cult. Medical and court records support that she held these beliefs but the lack of the controlled conditions of an experimental research design does not allow us to draw safe conclusions regarding her memory distortion. Crombag, Wagenaa r, van Koppen (1996) is a frequently cited study as it was able to show how a leading question can plant in ones memory a false suggestion regarding a traumatic event. The researchers questioned Dutch participants regarding their memories about a news story that took place 10 months earlier in 1992, when a plane that crashed into an apartment building in Amsterdam, killing the four crew members and 30 people that were inside the apartment at the time of the crash. The leading question that researchers posed to their participants was whether they had seen the television film of the moment the place hit the apartment building, as in reality such footage did not exist. If the participants replied positively then they were further questioned. Indeed, more than half of their participants (55%) answered that they had seen the fire and in a second study, this percentage was raised to 66% confirming the malleability of memories. Similar were the findings of another study that followed an a nalogous methodology (Ost, Vrij, Costall, Bull 2002) regarding the car crash in which Princess Dianna died and a 45% of a British sample claimed that had seen a film of the actual car crash.   Nourkova, Bernstein, and Loftus (2004) cite an earlier unpublished doctoral dissertation (Abhold 1995) that showed that experimentally manipulated misinformation can distort the memory for a witnessed life-and-death situation. Nourkova et al. (2004) examined the malleability of the memory in a sample of undergraduate students from the Moscow State University regarding the terrorist bombings in two apartments in Moscow in 1999 and the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. In particular, they attempted to plant the false memory of having witnessed a wounded animal in those critical events. Their findings showed that 12.5% of the participants that received the experimental manipulation regarding their memory of the Moscow bombings agreed that they had witnessed a wounded animal in the accounts of the bombings. The authors also found that for the misled participants, the critical event exhibited lower personal significance but higher historical significance. These findings suggest that traumatic memories are not immune to false memory even if individuals hold strong emotions about those events. However, the authors also highlight that false memory was successfully implanted only with regards to the Moscow bombings as the context of Moscow apartment made the scenario of witnessing a wounded animal more plausible which is in accordance with theoretical arguments regarding the processes involved in the creation of false memories (Mazzoni, Loftus, Kirsch 2001). These effects of false memories have also been confirmed in laboratory settings that have shown that it is possible to plant memories for events that can be impossible or even traumatic (Loftus Bernstein 2005)   utilizing suggestive methods (e.g. misinformation) and amplify them using imaginatio n exercises. Mazzoni and   Memon (2003) examined whether imagining an event can create false memories in a sample of 82 British students. In the process of the experiment, a group of participants imagined a relatively frequent event and received information about an impossible event, while another group imagined the same event that never occurs (Having a nurse remove a skin sample from my finger) and received information about a common event (Having a milk took extracted by a dentist before the age of 6). Furthermore, all participants completed three different versions of the Life Events Inventory (LEI) that rates participants likelihood of experiencing sets of events in their lives. Their findings showed that imagination was an adequate condition for the production of false memories irrespective of familiarity with the event. Several studies examined the consequences of false memories showing that they can impact on individuals judgements and food preferences. For example , Bernstein, Laney, Morris and Loftus (2005b) found planting a negative false memory about food (e.g. false feedback about getting sick at young age due to eating dill pickles or hard-boiled eggs) can make subsequently people show less interested into consuming those foods. In other research, (Bernstein et al. 2005a) the experimental conditions were manipulated to let people believe that as kids, they had been sick as a result of consuming strawberry ice cream or chocolate cookies. A change in participants food preferences was manifested among those participants who believed the false feedback regarding the ice-cream, as 40 % subsequently demonstrated less preference to consuming ice-cream. This finding, though, was not found among those that believed the false feedback regarding the chocolate cookies suggesting that other factors such as the novelty of a food can determine the consequences of false memories. These findings show that false memories not only can impact how we think o r feel about past experiences but they can also influence our future decisions altering our preferences and judgements. Conclusion Research in false memories has gained a lot of attention since the 90s as psychologists began to systematically examine their development as a means to fully understand memory distortions in healthy and traumatized individuals. Indeed, research has shown that those distortions can impact individuals decision about the present and the future and their persistence can be a great challenge especially during criminal investigations.   . However, false memory is a quite broad term that may often make it challenging to include all the types of memory illusions studied by cognitive psychology. For example, an argument that has been raised is whether the experimental procedures employed to test false memory actually increase individuals confidence to the planted memories, create false beliefs or false memories of those events (Wade, Sharman, Garry, Memon, Mazzoni, Merckelbach, Loftus 2007). However, understanding the nature of false memories can assist psychologists understand memor y illusions and use this knowledge to inform their practice with traumatized individuals. References Abhold, JJ 1995, The distortion of a distant and traumatic memory: Implications for eyewitness testimony and psychotherapy. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Arkansas. Bernstein, DM, Laney, C, Morris, EK, Loftus, EF 2005a, False beliefs about fattening foods can have healthy consequences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, vol. 102, pp. 13724à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"31. Bernstein, DM, Laney, C, Morris, E., Loftus, EF 2005b, False memories about food can lead to food avoidance, Social Cognition, vol. 23, pp. 11à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"14. Bernstein, DM, Loftus, EF 2009, The consequences of false memories for food preferences and choices, Perspectives on psychological science, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 135-9. Brennen, T, Dybdahl, R, Kapidzic, A 2007. Trauma-related and neutral false memories in war-induced Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Consciousness and Cognition, vol. 16, 877-85. Bremner, JD, Shobe, KK, Kihlstrom, JF 2000, False memories in women wit h self-reported childhood sexual abuse, Psychological Science, vol. 11, pp. 333à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"7. Cronmbag, HFM., Wagenaar, WA, van Koppen, PJ 1996, Crashing memories and the problem of source monitoring, Applied Cognitive Psychology, vol. 10, pp. 95-104 Deese, J 1959, On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall, Journal of Experimental Psychology, vol. 58, pp. 17à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"22. Ehlers, A, Clark, D 2000, A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder, Behaviour Research and Therapy, vol. 38, pp. 319à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"45. Engelhard, IM, van den Hout, M A, McNally, RJ 2008 Memory consistency for traumatic events in Dutch soldiers deployed to Iraq, Memory, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"9. Giosan, C, Malta, L, Jayasinghe, N, Spielman, L, Difede, J 2009, Relationships between memory inconsistency for traumatic events following 9/11 and PTSD in disaster restoration workers, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, vol. 23 , pp. 557à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"61. Holden, MW 1998, Settlement survey, Chicago Laywer, October, p.6. Loftus, E. F., Bernstein, DM 2005, Rich false memories: The royal road to success, In. A. F. Healy (Ed) Experimental Cognitive Psychology and its Applications. Washington DC: American Psychological Association Press, pp. 101-13. Mazzoni, GAL, Loftus, EF, Kirsch, I 2001, Changing beliefs about implausible autobiographical events: A little plausibility goes a long way, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, vol. 7, pp. 51-9. Jelinek, L, Hottenrott, B, Randjbar, S, Peters, MJ, Moritz, S 2009, Visual false memories in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry,vol. 40, pp. 374-83. Ost, J, Vrij, A, Costall, A, Bull, R 2002, Crashing memories and reality monitoring: Distinguishing between perception, imaginations and false memories, Applied Cognitive Psychology, vol. 16, pp. 125-34. Mazzoni, G, Menon, A 2003, Imagi nation can create false autobiographical memories, Psychological Science,vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 186-8. Nourkova, V, Bernstein, D Loftus, E 2004, Altering traumatic memory, Cognition and Emotion, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 575-85. Roediger, HL, McDermott, KB 1995, Creating false memories, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, vol. 21, pp. 803à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"14. Smeets, T, Merckelbach, H, Horselenberg, R, Jelicic, M 2005, Trying to recollect past events: Confidence, beliefs and memories, Clinical Psychology Review, vol. 25, pp. 917-34. Stadler, MA, Roediger, HL, McDermott, KB 1999, Norms for word lists that create false memories, Memory and Cognition, vol. 27, pp. 494à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"500. Strange, D Takarangi, MKT 2012, False memories for missing aspects of traumatic events, Acta Psychologica, vol. 141, pp. 322-6 Strange, D Takarangi, MKT 2015, Investigating the variability of memory distortion for an analogue trauma, Memory, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 991-1000. Wade. KA, Sharman, SJ, Garry, M, Memon, A, Mazzoni, G, Merckelbach, H, Loftus, EF 2007, False claims about false memory research, Consciousness and Cognition, vol. 16, pp. 18-28. Zoellner, LA, Foa, EB, Brigidi, BD, Przeworski, A 2000, Are trauma victims susceptible to false memories?, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, vol. 109, pp. 517à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"24.

The Christian Faith Since The Reformation Of Luther

Spener, like Luther, saw a need to reform what was there in the way of religious faiths. And like Luther, his intentions were not to remake the faith but to simply bring it back to where it belonged. Unlike the reformation of Luther, which failed to reform the Catholic Church and ended up splitting into the Protestant Church, Spener spent his time within the Protestant Church to reform the way people lived and thought. Arguably, the Pia Desidria that Spener wrote turned out to be the greatest paper to further the Christian faith since the Bible itself. Pietism is a movement that happened in the seventeenth and eighteenth century within Protestantism. By the end of the seventeenth century Protestantism had fallen away from its focus on Christ and a person’s walk with Him and had fully submersed itself in to religious dogma. The movement started with one man, Philip Spener, growing up with a strong religious background and the writings of Johann Arndt, Spener went to the Univers ity of Strassburg. While attending school at Strassburg, he was taught by professors that justification by faith was more than just a doctrine but a spiritual rebirth. After spending three years in a pastorate at Strassburg, Spener went to Frankfort. Upon his arrival, he was shocked by the conditions of the town and abandoned traditional doctrine and started preaching from the entire Bible. After he preached from the Sermon on the Mount in 1669, the response from the people was very surprising. PeopleShow MoreRelatedLuther and the Peasants Revolt1529 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Protestant Reformation was an attempt to purify the mid-16th century form of Christianity that had strayed from a past ideal. 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Jeepney Racing Free Essays

string(84) " unexpected and random events, and various outcomes and breadth winning conditions\." Most of the rules are chosen to reflect what the real-world consequences would be of each player action and decision. Abstract games cannot be completely divided from simulations and so games can be thought of as existing on a continuum of almost pure abstraction to almost pure simulation. [1] Technologies such as smart phones have always been a great entertainment and past time to man. We will write a custom essay sample on Jeepney Racing or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the beginning, cellular phones are used for communication such as making calls and messaging capabilities. As the time goes by, the innovation of cell phones added more PDA-like features and even computer like. The result was the smart phone. Mobile applications are becoming popular when it comes to features. There are many people who are into gaming on their mobile phones, because it is more portable than Personal Computers and Laptops. Mobile Applications now exist in smart phones. [2] There are lots of games genres available now in the market, and one of them is a strategy simulation game. It attempts to copy activities from real world in the form of a game for some purposes like tutorial, exercise, training, analysis or prediction. Jeep Racing is a Strategy simulation game that can be played in single or multi- player game. We will use some Metro manila landmarks for the background of the game. It will load and unload passengers in order to gain points but the player should follow the traffic rules and regulation. It will cause a deduction to the points if he commits any traffic violation. In multi-player game, the first player to finish the goal wins. Project Description According to the article of Nellie entitled Jeep: Blessing or Curse? He stated that jeep nowadays instead of being the blessing that it had been in the past 60 years, has become an archaic relic of the past, an invention that had its day, and should be encased in a museum of Philippine history. Due to lack of discipline and knowledge f and obedience to traffic rules and regulations and signs, it is the main cause of the horrible Metro Manila traffic. [4] The project introduces a game about how being discipline drivers and passengers would help each and every one of us. The player should follow all the Traffic Rules or else he/she will have a violation and deduction from his points. The player should also follow the maximum capacity of passenger. There will be a specific Jeep bay for loading and unloading of the passengers. Project Objectives: General objective To develop a strategy simulation game, multi-player and single-player for android hat foresees the possible effect of traffic when not following rules and regulation and at the same time inform the players the current traffic situation here in metro manila. Specific objective To provide information to the players about importance and meaning of traffic road signs by showing banners periodically. To inform the drivers and passenger on what are the possible effect of traffic in different situations. Target Audience The project’s target audience will be the passengers of the Jeep and those people who owned a public and private vehicle. Our target audience will be people king 17 and above. The group decided with the age of 17 and above, because these are the people who usually use Jeep as their transportation in school, works and etc. In these ages, the group can provide the importance and meaning of traffic road. Significance of the Study Due to traffic problems in the Philippines that becoming worst everyday especially when it’s rush hour, the group have decided to develop a game wherein the users would be able to identify some of the causes of traffic. The users would be able to realize how important being a discipline Filipino and how one Filipino can change meeting really big in his/her small action such as being a good follower to the traffic rules, regulations and signs. Jeep Racing was mainly created to provide information for drivers and passengers about the traffic rules and regulation. Users of this game will not only have fun playing but also be knowledgeable what to do in different situations when they are in the road. Scope and Limitations The game will be developed on an Android platform using Construct 2 on 2- Dimensional graphics. The game will be made to give information to the players especially to the passengers and drivers about the traffic rules and regulation. It can be played in a single player and multilayer game mode. In single player mode, the goal of the player is to get as many scores as he can by loading and unloading passenger without committing Accidents or Traffic violations. Multi-player mode will be played on two different devices, View shared and Wi-If Operational. There will be a time limit for the multi-player mode wherein each player must acquire scores by loading and unloading passengers. Committing any violations or accidents will deduct from there points. The maximum capacity of the passenger is 16 and the maximum violation is 3. The traffic rules and regulations included in our game can be seen in the appendix section. Minimum System Requirements: Processor 1 GHz Single Core Memory IAMB RAM Display size 3. 0 inches Resolution 280 Device Type Smart phone Operating System Jelly Bean Android Touchstones Capacitive, Multi-touch Conceptual Framework Review of Related Literature All the related information and games in an android platform will be discussed in this chapter. The information that the group will gather from these different games, will help us analyze each development of these games and apply it to our project. Three perspectives on strategy game design – Sorer Johnson, Brad Mir and Keith Burn are three different experts shared their knowledge about the significance in the design of strategy games, from transparency to decision-making and creating player investment and attachment. For Sorer Johnson, players of a strategy games should choose precisely and throw away their unexpected and random events, and various outcomes and breadth winning conditions. You read "Jeepney Racing" in category "Papers" Even though there are a lot of outcomes players have, what important the most is what’s on the player’s mind, that they truly understand the rules and can able to think them clearly and that they agonize all their inputs and outcomes. Keith Burn was best known for phone rocklike 100 Rogues. For him, the main producer of value in strategy games is interesting decisions. His goal is to provide value quickly to players. He said that if players gave their time make sure that they won’t regret spending it playing your game or they should be completely rewarded. Brad Mir wants to create a high degree of character attachment with the help of mechanics in Massive Chalice, because he was influenced by strategy games that include elements of character progression. He wanted to reduce problems to its simple essentials with 100 Rogues, but he doesn’t know how to start doing it. What he did is that he started with a rocklike genre and then added tactics to the genre’s kit design. He said that you can’t Just add interesting decisions to a system; interesting decisions are a property of a really strong-built system. Players can be attached to the players that they’re playing in strategy games and make personal stories with them. Losing their characters is a meaningful risk for them. [5] Related games Shopping Street This is a strategy game in which you will build your own mall. Every store has a capacity of customers who can shop. You can upgrade your store so many customers can shop at the same time. A customer who wants to shop in that store should wait. Relation of this game to our game is that there are also numbers of people who can enter a store. 6] Crazy Traffic Jam – This strategy simulation game comes with 3 levels of difficulty; you need to handle the traffic without committing any collisions. [7] Racing Motto This strategy game is a fast paced racing game. You never dare drive so fast in the real world. Control your Motto with incredible fast speed during traffic rush time! [8] Our game has the same view with this game which is the bird’s eye view. We adopted the road of this game to our project. In order to win the highest score in this game, you have to achieve the longest distance without committing any accidents. In our game, you have to achieve the longest distance so you can gain points without violating any traffic rules and regulation. Temple Run This strategy game is fast paced racing games wherein you need to drive as fast as possible without committing accidents. [9] In this game you have to survive all the challenges that have been waiting for you in order to have a high score. The longer he distance that you run, the more points you gain. If the player fails to survive all the challenges, the demonic monkeys will eat him. It has the same view when the player swipe to the left or right. In our game, if the player taps the left or right button, the street or the background will change Just like how background of the temple run changes. Racing Cars ID A strategy racing game that will test your driving skills in difficult levels. In this game, players need to collect coins to upgrade their cars. The player should also avoid obstacles and other cars. When the player hits his car with other and wasn’t able to void the obstacles, his health will be deducted. Just like in our game, if the player committed a violation, he will gain 1 x. When the player got 3 x, the game is over. In this game, the player needs to keep his car undamaged in a given time to win the game. Bench mark Description Jeep Racing Shopping Streets Sprites Jeepers, Cars, Passengers, Traffic Rules and Regulations Customers, Shops, Motor, Cars Cars Characters, Rope, Coins. Monkey Controls Tap, Swipe Tap -rap, Tilt Swipe Tap , tilt Scoring Achieve the farthest distance, load and unload the passengers on the proper loading ND unloading area Attract customers by building malls Get the farthest distance Number of Cars Successfully crossed the intersection Drive as fast as possible and get the farthest distance Acceleration Tapping the accelerator button. Holding the screen. Capacity Passengers Customers Game Mode Single Player, 2 Player Single Player Methodology This chapter tackles about how the application works. It contains game story, game play, game rationality and game assembly. Game story discusses the story from start to end of the game including the plot of the story. It contains different figures hat represent the flow of the application, visualized corrections of the game and its architecture. Gamely tackles about how the game will be played. Basically, gamely holds the actions that can be done by the player in the game to reach the objective of the game. Game rationality deals about the logic of the game which is how the game flows from the point where the application is started. Game assembly tackles about the requirements of the application and how the game responds to the user inputs. Gamely and Mechanics In single player mode, the player must acquire as many score as possible by adding and unloading passengers on the right bay without committing any violations and accidents will cause deduction on points and game over. In multi-player mode, the 2 players will play on different devices. The players will acquire points by loading and unloading passengers on a given time limit. The higher score will win the game. Pointing System Points Speed of the Jeep 1 pit per kip Loading passenger 100 points Unloading passenger Deduction Violations Unload passenger on the wrong bay. Accident/collision Game over. Software Methodology Planning phase It is the start of program development. In this phase, the group compiled and analyzed the research in related games and used the gathered information to be applied in the testing phase. The group checked for forums related to our game and listed things that we should avoid applying to our application. Analysis phase The group researched about related game reviews. The game reviews will help the group determine significant features that can be included in the game and that will make the game better than any other. Design phase The group will focus our graphics and interface to what our target users want. The group will follow the game flow that the group has created. In the game, the group will give some trivia related to it and used Philippine based characters and plots. The group will also use Photos for the images and backgrounds. The group will code all the designs generated from the proponents of the game flow which must be followed sequentially. Implementation After our game has undergone series of tests and code refinements, we will now deploy the software into the Android smartened and tablet. We are going to upload the game on Google Play Store for primary resource. Users may download the game through the website and port it in their own gadget. Verifications will be performed o the testers to make sure that the said features are working. Testing phase It is the part the group will initiate the beta testing where the group will play the game and test all the possible commands and inputs at the game. Any detected bugs or errors will be immediately fixed or use an error handling. Evaluation phase The group will start to initiate the alpha testing. It is where the group will release the created game to a select group of people and the players of the game will be given an evaluation form in a format of user acceptance test questionnaires. This will determine if the game will need some changes. How to cite Jeepney Racing, Papers

Arthur Kornberg Essay Example For Students

Arthur Kornberg Essay A. Personal InformationArthur Kornberg (1918-), American biochemist and physician, claims he has never met quot;a dull enzyme.quot; He has devoted his life to pursuing and purifying these critical protein molecules. His love of science did not spring from a family history rooted in science. He was born on March 3rd, 1918, the son of a sewing machine operator in the sweatshops of the Lower East Side of New York City. His parents, Joseph Aaron Kornberg and Lena Rachel Katz, were immigrant Jews who made great sacrifices to ensure the safety of their family. They had fled Poland, for if they had stayed, they would have been murdered in a German concentration camp. His grandfather had abandoned the paternal family name Queller, of Spanish origin. This was done to escape the fate of the army draft; he had taken the name of Kornberg, a man who had already done his service. His father used their meager earnings to bring and settle his family in New York City and was thrust into the sweatshops as a sewing machine operator. He, along with his brother Martin, 13 years older and sister Ella, nine years older, was encouraged by loving parents to obtain a good education. The public school reinforced this ideal. Education was the road of opportunity for social and economic mobility out of the sweatshops. His early education in grade school and Abraham Lincoln High School in Brooklyn was distinguished only by his quot;skipping quot; several grades. There was nothing inspirational about his courses except the teachers encouragement to get good grades. When he received a grade of 100 in the New York State Regents Examination, his chemistry teacher glowed with pride. It was the first time in over twenty years of teaching that a student of his had gotten a perfect grade. Arthur was a brilliant student who graduated from high school at the age of fifteen. He enrolled in City College in uptown Manhattan. Competition among a large body of bright and highly motivated students was fierce in all subjects. His high school interest in chemistry carried over into college. After receiving his B.S. degree in biology and chemistry in 1937, and since City College offered no graduate studies or research laboratories at that time, he became one of two hundred pre-med students at the University of Rochester. All through college he worked as a salesman in his parents furnishing store, and earned about $14 a week. This along with a New York State Regents Scholarship of $100 a year and with no college tuition to pay he was able to save enough money to pay for the first half of medical school. While a student, he became aware of a mild jaundice (yellowing) in his eyes. He observed a similar condition among other students and patients at the hospital and published these findings, his first professional paper, in the Journal of Clinical Investigation. He enjoyed studying to become a doctor, and his goal was to practice internal medicine, preferably in an academic setting. The medical school curriculum was uncrowded and close contact with a distinguished faculty was encouraged, but to his shock anti-Semitism was rampant in the academic circles. He was denied academic awards and research opportunities because he was Jewish. He had hoped to receive one of the fellowships from the medical school which allowed a few outstanding students to spend a year doing research, even though the idea of spending a significant amount of his days in the laboratory had no appeal at that time. To his disappointment he was passed over in every department, due to the ethnic and religious barriers which existed during that time, even though his grades were the highest. Although one professor at Rochester stood out, William S. McCann, Chairman of the Department of Medicine, the only one who made any effort to help Kornberg. William McCann persuaded a wealthy patient to endow a scholarship of which Kornberg was the recipient. This enabled Kornberg to pursue his first research project (on jaundice), and allowed him to be appointed to an internship in medicine, and then to an assistant residency, which would groom him for a career in academic medicine. Following his graduation in 1941, Kornberg enlisted in the U.S. Coast Guard, being assigned duty as a medical officer in the Caribbean. Officials at the National Institute of Health in Maryland, aware of his brief clinical study on the subject of jaundice, arranged for Kornbergs transfer to the institute. He spent the remainder of World War II carrying out research in the nutrition laboratory. In 1943, Kornberg married Sylvy Levy; he enjoyed not only companionship with Sylvy but also laboratory collaboration with a gifted wife. Her suggestions and advice would play major roles in his research. He has also enjoyed the privilege of fathering three sons, Tom, Ken, and Roy who have exhibited extraordinary scientific and professional achievements. B. Professional InformationThe National Institute of health was founded by Joseph Goldberger, one of the first scientists to recognize that a vitamin deficiency could cause an epidemic disease. Dr. Goldberger discovered the vitamin niacin, a member of the B complex of vitamins. Apperance vs. Realty in Hamlet Essay Kornberg became intrigued with bacteria as a source of enzymes for his research. In particular, he became interested in biosynthetic pathways for the building blocks of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). It was also in 1953 that James Watson and Francis Crick reported their discovery that DNA is a pair of chains spiraling about each other-a double helix. Within two years of Watson and Cricks historic report, Kornberg had found, in juices extracted from cells, an enzyme that synthesizes the huge chains of DNA from simple blocks. But it was not until 1956 that Kornbergs interest in the replication of DNA became the focus of his research. It was after the enzyme that assembles the nucleotide building blocks into a DNA chain was already in his hands. Much of his research during 1953 and 1954 dealt with purification of the enzymes that synthesize the precursors of DNA. By 1954, Kornbergs team had firmly established how the nucleotides are synthesized. The next step was to study how they are assembled into DNA or RNA. Initial experiments with extracts from animal cells were unsuccessful, and Kornberg turned to extracts from the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli). This was the first major discovery his team had made, and was the chemical catalyst responsible for the synthesis of DNA. They discovered the enzyme in the common intestinal bacterium Escherichia coli, and Kornberg called it DNA polymerase. This was an important discovery because DNA is the construction manual, and RNA transcribes it into reading form, but the proteins, particularly the enzymes, carry out all the cellular functions and give the organism its shape. In 1957, Kornbergs group used this enzyme to synthesize DNA molecules, but they were not biologically active. This proved that this enzyme does catalyze the production of new strands of DNA, and it explained how a single strand of DNA acts as a pattern for the formation of a new strand of nucleotides-the building blocks of DNA. In 1959, Kornberg along with Ochoa shared the Nobel Prize for their ;quot;discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid.;quot; His work established the basic mechanism of all DNA polymerases in nature and the capacity of these polymerases to make genetically active DNA in the test tube. The same year Kornberg accepted an appointment as professor of biochemistry and chairman of the Department of Biochemistry at Stanford University. He continued his research on DNA biosynthesis along with Mehran Goulian. The two researchers were determined to synthesize an artificial DNA that was biologically active. By 1967 the two researchers announced their success. This research would help in future studies of genetics, as well as in the search for cures to hereditary diseases and the control of viral infections. The Stanford researchers have continued to study DNA polymerase to further understanding of the structure of that enzyme and how it works. Kornberg has used his status as a Nobel Laureate on behalf of various causes. Arthur Kornberg is an expert in DNA replication, and in particular DNA polymerases. He is currently an active Professor Emeritus in the Department of Biochemistry at Stanford University School of Medicine, and he holds memberships in several scientific associations, including the National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society, and the American Philosophical Society. He has also authored over 300 scientific publications from 1956 to 1994 relating to DNA replication, DNA polymerases, and other aspects of nucleic acid enzymology. Arthur Kornbergs accomplishments still continue today, and the list is growing. Many of the enzymes that he isolated are also used in modern genetic engineering today. His work has help spawn a new generation of research in molecular medicine, has completely transformed the nature of medical research, and has enabled scientists to make great strides in the diagnosis and treatment of immune disorders. His research has laid the foundation for the clinical advances in the treatment of many devastating human disorders. D. ConclusionProfessor Kornberg finds time to travel and lecture at many universities and research centers. He calls for a return of simple curiosity. He lectures that quot; scientists need to be able to study science for curiositys sake and not be driven by the possible dollar benefits-and governments should encourage them. ;quot; He is adamant that research into science should proceed, despite public concerns that new discoveries, especially in genetic engineering, could be abused. ;quot;There is often a focus on the alarmist possibilities of any new technology; however it is foolish to try and predict where science will take us.;quot; He states ;quot; there hasnt been a single instance of biotechnology being misapplied. Its safer than driving. ;quot; Professor Kornberg is a remarkable individual, and his devotion to his field of study is inspirational. His contributions have advanced medical knowledge. Medical knowledge needs to constantly advance because of the challenges of new problems- such as novel toxins and resistant organisms that are constantly arising. I believe that research is the lifeline to medicine; we should continue to question and search for answers.